In cells D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is generated when glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase or by the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase during glycogenolysis. G6P lies at the beginning of both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways. It also can be stored as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high.

Lucigenin (L-6868) is a chemiluminescent probe used to indicate the presence of endogenously generated superoxide anion radicals in cells.

Glucagon hydrochloride is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. It activates HNF4α and increases HNF4α phosphorylation.